Chemical Properties
Potassium chloride, KCI, also known as potassium muriate and sylvite, is a colorless crystalline solid with a salty taste that melts at 776°C (1420 OF). It is soluble in water, but insoluble in alcohol. Potassium chloride is used in fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, photography, and as a salt substitute.
potassium chloride powder
Uses
Potassium chloride (KCl) is used in drug preparations and as a food additive and chemical
reagent. It is possible to reduce the sodium in your diet by substituting potassium chloride for
table salt (sodium chloride), which may be healthier. Molten potassium chloride is also used
in the electrolytic production of metallic potassium. KCl is also found in seawater brine and
can be extracted from the mineral carnallite.
Description
Potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide salt that is used in a variety of areas. The dominant application of potassium chloride is to serve as a fertilizer, which offers potassium to plants and prevents them from certain diseases. Besides, it can be applied in food and medical industry. As a treatment for hypokalemia, potassium chloride pills are taken to balance the blood's potassium levels and prevent potassium deficiency in the blood. In food industry, it serves as a electrolyte replenisher and a good salt substitute for food, as well as a firming agent to give consistent texture to food, thus to strengthen its structure.
Chemical Properties
Potassium chloride occurs as odorless, colorless crystals or a white crystalline powder, with an unpleasant, saline taste. The crystal lattice is a face-centered cubic structure. Potassium chloride occurs naturally as the mineralsylvite (KCl) and as carnallite(KCl·MgCl2·6H2O); it is produced industriallyby fractional crystallizationof these deposits or of solutions fromlake brines. It has the interesting property of being more soluble than sodium chloride in hot water but less soluble in cold. It has low toxicity.
Uses
- Potassium chloride is a widely used reagent in biochemistry and molecular biology. It is a component of phosphate buffered saline (PBS, Product No. P 3813) and of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) buffer (50 mM KCl).
- KCl is also used in studies of ion transport and potassium channels.
- KCl is also utilized in the solubilization, extraction, purification, and crystallization of proteins.
- The use of KCl in the crystallization of histone core octamers has been reported.
Uses
About 4-5% of potash production is used in industrial applications (UNIDOIFDC, 1998). In 1996, the world supply of industrial grade potash was close to 1.35 Mt K2O. This industrial material is 98-99% pure, compared with the agricultural potash specification of 60% K2O minimum (equivalent to 95% KCl). Industrial potash should contain at least 62% K2O and have very low levels of Na, Mg, Ca, SO4 and Br. This high-grade potash is produced by only a few producers in worldwide.
Potassium hydroxide (KOH), also known as caustic potash, is the largestvolume K product for non-fertilizer use. It is produced by the electrolysis of industrial KCl and is widely used for manufacturing soaps, detergents, grease, catalysts, synthetic rubber, matches, dyes and insecticides. Caustic potash is also as a liquid fertilizer and as an ingredient in alkaline batteries and photographic film processing chemicals.
Potassium hydroxide is a raw material in the production of various K salts, mainly K carbonates, and also citrates, silicates, acetates, etc. Potassium carbonate confers excellent clarity to glass thus is used for most fine optical lenses, eyeglasses, fine crystal, glassware, chinaware and TV tubes. Potassium bicarbonate is used largely in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Potash-derived compounds and salts are also used in the production of metal fluxes, cured meats, tempered steel, paper fumigants, case hardened steel, bleaching agents, baking powder, cream of tartar and beverages. Worldwide, industrial KCl is estimated to be used as follows: detergents and soaps, 30-35%; glass and ceramics, 25-28%; textiles and dyes 20-22%; chemicals and drugs, 13-15%; and other uses, 7-5% (UNIDO-IFDC, 1998).
Uses
Potassium chloride (KCl), commonly referred to as muriate of potash, is the most common source of potash (K2O), and accounts for about 95 % of world potash production. Virtually all (90 %) commercial potash is extracted from natural sources of potassium salt deposits occurring in thin beds in large salt basins formed by the evaporation of ancient seas. Present-day salt lakes and natural brines represent about 10 % of total recoverable potash. Extraction is followed by milling, washing, screening, flotation, crystallization, refining and drying.
More than 90 % of the total KCl consumption is used for fertilizer production. Production of potassium hydroxide accounts for more than 90 % of the non-fertilizer or industrial use of KCl. KOH is also used in the production of some agricultural-grade liquid fertilizers. uses of KCl include:
- Potassium chloride (KCl) is inorganic salt used for making fertilizers, since the growth of many plants is limited by their potassium intake. Potassium in plants is important for the osmotic and ionic regulation, plays a key role in the water homeostasis and is closely connected with processes involved in the protein synthesis.
- In photography. In buffer solutions, electrode cells.
- Potassium chloride may be used for the preparation of phosphate buffered saline, and for the extraction and solubilization of proteins.
- Used in buffer solutions, medicine, scientific applications, and food processing.
- Used in nutritent; gelling agent; salt substitute; yeast food.
- food/foodstuff additives: KCl is used as a nutrient and/or dietary supplement food additive. KCl also serves as a potassium supplement of animal feed.
- pharmaceutical products: KCl is an important therapeutic agent, which is used mainly in the treatment of hypokalemia and associated conditions. Hypokalemia (potassium deficiency) is a potentially fatal condition in which the body fails to retain sufficient potassium to maintain health.
- laboratory chemicals: KCl is used in electrode cells, buffer solutions, and spectroscopy.
- drilling mud for oil production industry: KCl is used as conditioner in oil drilling muds and as a shale stabilizer to prevent swelling.
- flame retardants and fire preventing agents: KCl is used as a component in dry chemical fire extinguisher.
- anti-freezing agents: KCl is used to melt ice on streets and driveways.
Uses
Potassium Chloride is a nutrient, dietary supplement, and gelling
agent that exists as crystals or powder. it has a solubility of 1 g in
2.8 ml of water at 25°c and 1 g in 1.8 ml of boiling water. hydrochloric
acid, and sodium chloride and magnesium chloride diminish its
solubility in water. it is used as a salt substitute and mineral supple-
ment. it has optional use in artificially sweetened jelly and preserves.
it is used as a potassium source for certain types of carrageenan gels.
it is used to replace sodium chloride in low-sodium foods.
Production Methods
Potassium chloride occurs naturally as the mineral sylvite or sylvine;
it also occurs in other minerals such as sylvinite, carnallite, and
kainite. Commercially, potassium chloride is obtained by the solar
evaporation of brine or by the mining of mineral deposits.
Definition
ChEBI: Potassium chloride is a metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion. It has a role as a fertilizer. It is a potassium salt, an inorganic chloride and an inorganic potassium salt.
brand name
Apo-k;Celeka;Durules-k;Kadalex;Kalinorm;Kalipor;Kalium durules;K-long;Miopotasio;Plenish-k;Potasion;Roychlor;Rum-k;Swiss-kal sr;Ultra-k-chlor.
World Health Organization (WHO)
Potassium chloride has been used for many years to correct
potassium deficiency. The use of fast-acting tablets has been associated with
lesions of the gastro-intestinal mucosa, which have led to their general withdrawal.
General Description
Potassium chloride (KCl) is a water-soluble metal salt that comprises of potassium and chlorine. It can be extracted from minerals and salt water. KCl can be used in industries such as cosmetics, food, biomedical, chemical and fertilizer.
Air & Water Reactions
Hygroscopic. Water soluble.
Reactivity Profile
Potassium chloride is not in general strongly reactive. Violent reaction with BrF3 and with a mixture of sulfuric acid potassium permanganate mixture . Reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid to generate fumes of hydrogen chloride.
Health Hazard
Potassium chloride is an essential constituent of the body for intracellular osmotic pressure and buffering, cell permeability, acid-base balance, muscle contraction and nerve function.
SYMPTOMS: Large doses of Potassium chloride usually induce vomiting, so acute intoxication by mouth is rare. If no pre-existing kidney damage, it is rapidly excreted. Poisoning disturbs the rhythm of heart. Large doses by mouth can cause gastrointestinal irritation, purging, weakness, and circulatory disturbances.
Fire Hazard
Flammability data is not available, but Potassium chloride is probably nonflammable.
Flammability and Explosibility
Non flammable
Agricultural Uses
Muriate of potash or potassium chloride (KCl), is a major
potash fertilizer. It is water soluble and is generally
blended with other components to make it a multi-nutrient
fertilizer. It has a higher salt index than
potassium sulphate and is recommended for most crops
except tobacco, potato and grapes, which are sensitive to
chloride ions.
Pharmaceutical Applications
Potassium chloride is widely used in a variety of parenteral and
nonparenteral pharmaceutical formulations. Its primary use, in
parenteral and ophthalmic preparations, is to produce isotonic
solutions.
Potassium chloride is also used therapeutically in the treatment
of hypokalemia.
Many solid-dosage forms of potassium chloride exist including:
tablets prepared by direct compression and granulation;
effervescent tablets; coated, sustained-release tablets; sustained-
release wax matrix tablets;microcapsules;pellets;
and osmotic pump formulations.
Experimentally, potassium chloride is frequently used as a model
drug in the development of new solid-dosage forms, particularly for
sustained-release or modified-release products.
Potassium chloride is also used widely in the food industry as a
dietary supplement, pH control agent, stabilizer, thickener, and
gelling agent. It can also be used in infant formulations.
Agricultural Uses
Potassium chloride (KCl), also known as muriate of
potash, is generally blended with other components to
make it a multinutrient fertilizer. It is a white crystalline
solid, available in fine, coarse and granular grades. It is
the least expensive carrier of potassium in the fertilizer
market. This important fertilizer contains about 48 to
52% plant food as potassium and about 48% chloride.
Coarser potassium blends well with granular N-P
compounds to form an NPK-blended multinutrient
fertilizer.
At least 78 % of the potassium salts are estimated to be
consumed worldwide, in the form of potassium chloride,
and over 90% of all processed potassium is used as
fertilizer. Muck, peat and sands are generally potassiumdeficient,
whereas arid soils are mostly potassium-rich,
with 448 kg/ha or more of readily available potassium.
Potassium chloride is neutral and totally watersoluble.
It can be applied to all soils and crops that are not
sensitive to chlorides. Soluble soil-potassium is adsorbed
and retained by soil colloids and thus prevented from
leaching. Roots take up potassium in the ionic form.
Potassium chloride is best applied either while sowing
or prior to it. However, when soils are light or coarsetextured,
the applied potassium may be lost through
leaching. So, it is preferable to apply potassium in split
doses. On heavy soils, the fertilizer is placed advantageously in bands, as in the case of phosphatic fertilizers.
Potassium chloride is manufactured from potash
minerals or brine. Sylvinite, which is a mixture of
potassium chloride and halite, is the major potash
mineral used for potassium chloride manufacture. A
large percentage of potassium chloride is mined and
refined either by the floatation or crystallization process.
Both processes, of which the floatation process is more
common, involve the separation of potassium chloride
from sodium chloride. Fine potassium chloride is a freeflowing
material which does not cake in dry places.
Industrial uses
Potassium chloride is a colorless or white crystallinecompound of the composition KCl, usedfor molten salt baths for the heat treatment ofsteels. The specific gravity is 1.987. A bathcomposed of three parts potassium chloride andtwo parts barium chloride is used for hardeningcarbon-steel drills and other tools. Steel toolsheated in this bath and quenched in a 3% sulfuricacid solution have a very bright surface.A common bath is made up of potassium chlorideand common salt and can be used for temperaturesup to 900°C.
Potassium chloride is used in the porcelainenamel industry as a setting-up agent in titaniumcover coats. In general, the quantities ofpotassium chloride, when used as an electrolyte,will be approximately the same as sodiumnitrite, which it replaces. However, KCl doesnot aid tearing resistance as does nitrite. Themain advantage in using potassium chloride isthe freedom from yellowing or creaming whenused in a blue-white enamel. Potassium chloridemay exert an adverse effect on the glossand may cause a slight decrease in the acidresistingproperties of the enamel, although thelatter effect is somewhat debatable.
Clinical Use
Hypokalaemia
Safety Profile
A human poison by
ingestion. Poison experimentally by
ingestion, intravenous, and intraperitoneal
routes. Human systemic effects by ingestion:
nausea, blood clotting changes, carhac
arrhythmias. An eye irritant. Mutation data
reported. Explosive reaction with BrF3;
sulfuric acid + potassium permanganate.
When heated to decomposition it emits
toxic fumes of K2O and Cl-.
Safety
Potassium chloride is used in a large number of pharmaceutical
formulations, including oral, parenteral, and topical preparations,
both as an excipient and as a therapeutic agent.
Potassium ions play an important role in cellular metabolism
and imbalances can result in serious clinical effects. Orally ingested
potassium chloride is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal
tract and excreted by the kidneys. Potassium chloride is more
irritant than sodium chloride when adminstered orally, and
ingestion of large quantities of potassium chloride can cause effects
such as gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
High localized concentrations of potassium chloride in the
gastrointestinal tract can cause ulceration: hence the development of
the many enteric-coated and wax matrix sustained-release preparations
that are available.Although it is claimed that some
formulations cause less ulceration than others, it is often preferred
to administer potassium chloride as an aqueous solution. However,
solutions have also been associated with problems, mainly due to
their unpleasant taste.
Parenterally, rapid injection of strong potassium chloride
solutions can cause cardiac arrest; in the adult, solutions should
be infused at a rate not greater than 750 mg/hour.
Therapeutically, in adults, up to 10 g orally, in divided doses has
been administered daily, while intravenously up to 6 g daily has
been used.
(guinea pig, oral): 2.5 g/kg
(mouse, IP): 1.18 g/kg
(mouse, IV): 0.12 g/kg
(mouse, oral): 0.38 g/kg
(rat, IP): 0.66 g/kg
(rat, IV): 0.14 g/kg
(rat, oral): 2.6 g/kg
Drug interactions
Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-II antagonists:
increased risk of hyperkalaemia.
Ciclosporin: increased risk of hyperkalaemia.
Potassium-sparing diuretics: increased risk of
hyperkalaemia.
Tacrolimus: increased risk of hyperkalaemia.
Metabolism
Potassium is excreted mainly by the kidneys; it is secreted
in the distal tubules in exchange for sodium or hydrogen
ions. Some potassium is excreted in the faeces and small
amounts may also be excreted in sweat.
storage
Potassium chloride tablets become increasingly hard on storage at
low humidities. However, tablets stored at 76% relative humidity
showed no increase or only a slight increase in hardness.The
addition of lubricants, such as 2% w/w magnesium stearate,
reduces tablet hardness and hardness on aging.Aqueous
potassium chloride solutions may be sterilized by autoclaving or
by filtration.
Potassium chloride is stable and should be stored in a well-closed
container in a cool, dry place.
Purification Methods
Dissolve it in conductivity water, filter it, and saturate it with chlorine (generated from conc HCl and KMnO4). Excess chlorine is boiled off, and the KCl is precipitated by HCl (generated by dropping conc HCl into conc H2SO4). The precipitate is washed with water, dissolved in conductivity water at 90-95o, and crystallised by cooling to about -5o. The crystals are drained at the centrifuge, dried in a vacuum desiccator at room temperature, then fused in a platinum dish under N2, cooled and stored in a desiccator. Potassium chloride has also been sublimed in a stream of pre-purified N2 gas and collected by electrostatic discharge [Craig & McIntosh Can J Chem 30 448 1952].
Incompatibilities
Potassium chloride reacts violently with bromine trifluoride and
with a mixture of sulfuric acid and potassium permanganate. The
presence of hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, and magnesium
chloride decreases the solubility of potassium chloride in water.
Aqueous solutions of potassium chloride form precipitates with
lead and silver salts.
Intravenous aqueous potassium chloride solutions are incompatible
with protein hydrolysate.
Regulatory Status
GRAS listed. Accepted as a food additive in Europe. Included in the
FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (injections, ophthalmic preparations,
oral capsules, and tablets). Included in nonparenteral and
parenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian
List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.
References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_chloride
https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00761
http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-potassium-chloride-uses-formula-side-effects.html
