Chemical Properties
Phosphonoformic acid trisodium salt hexahydrate is white or almost white, crystalline powder.
Uses
Foscarnet inhibits viral DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase. Foscarnet is used as an antiviral.
Uses
Sodium phosphonoformate hexahydrate acts as an antiviral agent and reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is also used to inhibit viral DNA polymerase. Further, it is used as a type II Pi transporter inhibitor.
Definition
ChEBI: The hexahydrate form of trisodium phosphonoformate. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patien
s who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.
Acquired resistance
Phosphonoformic acid trisodium salt hexahydrate can be generated in vitro, and CMV strains resistant to both ganciclovir and foscarnet have occasionally been recovered from humans.
Pharmaceutical Applications
Phosphonoformic acid trisodium salt hexahydrate is a synthetic non-nucleoside pyrophosphate analog formulated as the trisodium hexahydrate for intravenous use. The solubility in water at pH 7 is only about 5% (w/w).
Pharmacokinetics
Oral absorption: c. 17%
C
max 60 mg/kg intravenous 8-hourly: 557 μmol/L
Plasma half-life: 3.3–6.8 h
Volume of distribution: 0.52–0.74 L/kg
Plasma protein binding: 14–17%
Absorption and distribution
Oral bioavailability is poor. A wide range of plasma concentrations was noted (75–500 μmol/L) during 3–21 days of continuous intravenous infusion of 0.14–0.19 mg/kg per min. During continuous intravenous therapy the concentrations reached a plateau on day 3. Considerable differences in steady-state plasma concentrations exist between individuals. Drug penetrates the CSF; the mean concentration is about 40–60% of the mean plasma concentration, depending upon dose.
Metabolism and excretion
Elimination appears to be triphasic, with two initially short half-lives of 0.5–1.4 h and 3.3–6.8 h, followed by a long terminal phase of 88 h. About 88% of the cumulative intravenous dose is recovered unchanged in the urine within a week of stopping an infusion, indicating that the drug is not significantly metabolized. Non-renal clearance accounts for 14–18% of total clearance and may relate to uptake into bone. Plasma clearance decreases markedly with decreased renal function and the elimination half-life may be increased by up to 10-fold. Conventional dialysis eliminates about 25% of a dose while high-flux dialysis can remove nearly 60%.
Clinical Use
Treatment of CMV retinitis in patients for whom ganciclovir is
contraindicated, inappropriate or ineffective
It is also potentially of value in the treatment of aciclovir-resistant
HSV infection.
Side effects
Treatment is more frequently limited by toxicity than with ganciclovir.
Renal toxicity is most common. A two- to three-fold
increase in serum creatinine levels occurs in 20–60% (mean
45%) of patients given 130–230 mg/kg per day as a continuous
intravenous infusion. Renal impairment usually develops
within the first few weeks of treatment and is generally reversible
within several weeks of discontinuing therapy. Foscarnet
chelates metal ions, and serum electrolyte abnormalities –
predominantly hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia
and hypophosphatemia – occur in about 30, 15, 16 and 8%
of patients, respectively. Convulsions occur in 10–15%. Other
side effects include anemia (25–50%), penile or vulval ulceration
(3–9%), nausea and vomiting (20–30%), local irritation
and thrombophlebitis at the infusion site, abdominal pain and
occasional pancreatitis, headache (c. 25%), dizziness, involuntary
muscle contractions, tremor, hypoesthesia, ataxia, neuropathy,
anxiety, nervousness, depression and confusion, and
skin rash. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus has been reported.
Foscarnet is contraindicated in pregnancy. Topical application
does not result in dermal toxicity similar to that produced
by phosphonacetic acid.
