Copper(I) Cyanide Chemical Properties

Melting point:

474 °C(lit.)

Boiling point:

decomposes [STR93]

Density 

2.92 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)

storage temp. 

Poison room

form 

Powder

Specific Gravity

2.92

color 

White-beige to greenish

Water Solubility 

Practically insoluble in water and alcohol. Soluble in ammonium hydroxide, aqueous ammonia, pyridine and N-methylpyrrolidone.

Sensitive 

air sensitive

Merck 

14,2661

BRN 

3587244

Solubility Product Constant (Ksp)

pKsp: 19.46

Exposure limits

TLV-TWA 1 mg Cu/m³ (ACGIH).

Stability:

Stable. Incompatible with acids, bases, magnesium. Reacts violently with oxidizing agents, nitrates. Reaction with acid releases highly toxic gas (HCN).

CAS DataBase Reference

544-92-3(CAS DataBase Reference)

EPA Substance Registry System

Copper(I) cyanide (544-92-3)

Safety Information

Hazard Codes 

T+,N,T

Risk Statements 

26/27/28-32-50/53

Safety Statements 

7-28-29-45-60-61-28A

RIDADR 

UN 1587 6.1/PG 2

WGK Germany 

2

RTECS 

GL7150000

F 

10-23

TSCA 

Yes

HS Code 

2837 19 00

HazardClass 

6.1

PackingGroup 

II

MSDS

• Language:EnglishProvider:SigmaAldrich
• Language:EnglishProvider:ACROS
• Language:EnglishProvider:ALFA

Copper(I) Cyanide Usage And Synthesis

Chemical Properties

Copper(I) cyanide, CuCN, [544-92-3], MW 89.56, MP 474°C, d 2.92, is white when pure, but usually available as an off-white or cream-colored powder and is insoluble in water and dilute acids but dissolves in complexing media such as ammonia and alkali cyanide solutions. It is produced by the reaction of sodium cyanide with copper(I) chloride solutions or by the reaction of copper(II) sulfate solutions with alkali cyanide and sodium hydrogen sulfite. It is used extensively in the electroplating industry and as a polymerization catalyst in organic reactions.

Uses

Copper(I) cyanide is used in copper plating of nickel, chromium, zinc alloys, steel, and other metals or alloys. Such copper plating imparts brightness, smoothness, hardness, and strength. The cyanide solution employed for copper electroplating consists of copper cyanide and sodium cyanide. Other applications of this compound are as an insecticide, a catalyst in polmerization, and as an antifouling agent in marine paints.

Preparation

Copper(I) cyanide is a precipitate obtained by adding potassium cyanide solution to an aqueous solution of Cu2+ salt:
COPPER(I) CYANIDE 2652CuCl2 + 4KCN → 2CuCN + C2N2 + 4KCl
The Cu2+ to CN¯ molar ratio should be 1:2. The precipitate dissolves in an excess of cyanide, forming soluble ions Cu(CN)2¯ , Cu(CN)32¯, and Cu(CN)43¯.

Description

off-white to green powder. Insoluble in water,soluble in HCI, Nl40H, and potassium cyanide. Used in Sandmeyer's reaction to synthesize aryl cyanides. Toxic by skin absorption, through open wounds, by ingestion, and by inhalation of hydrogen cyanide that arises from slight decomposition. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen in fires.

Chemical Properties

Cuprous cyanide is a white crystalline substance.

Physical properties

Cream-colored powder or green orthorhombic or red monoclinic crystals; density 2.90 g/cm³; melts at 474°C; decomposes at higher temperatures; practically insoluble in water, ethanol, and cold dilute acids; dissolves in ammonium hydroxide and potassium cyanide solutions.

Uses

Cuprous cyanide is used in electroplating; as an insecticide and fungicide; and as a catalyst for polymerization.

Uses

In electroplating Cu or Fe; as insecticide, fungicide; as antifouling agent in marine paints; as polymerization catalyst.

Reactivity Profile

Copper(I) Cyanide is decomposed by acids to give off hydrogen cyanide, a flammable poisonous gas. Tends to explosive instability. Capable of violent oxidation under certain condition: fusion with metal chlorates, perchlorates, nitrates or nitrites can cause explosions [Bretherick, 1979 p. 101]. Reacts with incandescence with magnesium [Mellor, 1940, Vol. 4, 271].

Hazard

Poison.

Health Hazard

Cuprous cyanide is a highly toxic substance. The toxic routes are inhalation of dust, ingestion, and skin contact. Toxicology and LD50 values for this compound are not reported. Because it is slightly soluble in water, its dissociation to cuprous and cyanide ions in the body may not be significant. The role of cyanide ion in the toxicity of cuprous cyanide is not established. The inhalation hazard, however, is attributable to copper. It is a skin irritant.

Fire Hazard

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic hydrogen cyanide gas may form in fires.

Safety Profile

A poison. Reacts violently with magnesium. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic CNand NOx. See also CYANIDE and COPPER COMPOUNDS.

Potential Exposure

Copper cyanide is used in electroplating copper on iron; and as an insecticide and a catalyst.

Shipping

UN1587 Copper cyanide, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials

Purification Methods

Wash the cyanide thoroughly with boiling H2O, then with EtOH. Dry it at 100o to a fine soft powder. It dissolves in excess alkali cyanide solutions to form the very soluble complex ion Cu(CN)43-. [Bassett & Corbett J Chem Soc 125 1660 1924, Barber J Chem Soc 79 1943.]

Incompatibilities

Contact with heat, strong acids (HCl, H2SO4, HNO3) forms deadly hydrogen cyanide gas. May release hydrogen cyanide on contact with moisture. Incompatible with strong oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides, acetylene gas, and chemically active metals, such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, and zinc.

Waste Disposal

Copper-containing soluble wastes can be concentrated through the use of ion exchange, reverse osmosis, or evaporators to the point where copper can be electrolytically removed and sent to a reclaiming firm. If recovery is not feasible, the copper can be precipitated through the use of caustics and the sludge deposited in a chemical waste landfill. Copper-containing wastes can be concentrated to the point where copper can be electrolytically removed and reclaimed. If recovery is not feasible, the copper can be precipitated by alkali; the cyanide destroyed by alkaline oxidation yielding a sludge which can be sent to a chemical waste landfill. In accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by contacting your local or federal environmental control agency, or by contacting your regional EPA office.

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